第4章 Introduction: Beyond War and Peace
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ourtwostnwaysoftryingtoaddressourtoughestsocialchallengesaretheextremeones:aggressivewarandsubmissivepeace.neitherofthesewaysworks.wecantry,usingourgunsorneyorvotes,topushthroughwhatwewant,regardlessofwhatotherswant-butinevitablytheotherspushback.orwecantrynottopushanythingonanyone-butthatleavesoursituationjustasitis.
theseextremewaysareextremelyn,onallscales.oneonone,wecanbepushyorconflictaverse.atwork,wecanbebossyor"goalongtogetalong."inourmunities,wecansetthingsupsothattheyarethewaywewantthemtobe,orwecanabdicate.innationalaffairs,wecanmakedealstogetourway,orwecanletothershavetheirway.ininternationalrelations-whetherthechallengeisclimatechangeortraderulesorpeaceinthemiddleeast-wecantrytoimposeourso露tionsoneveryoneelse,orwecannegotiateendlessly.theseextreme,nwaysoftryingtoaddressourtoughestsocialchallengesusuallyfail,leavingusstuckandinpain.therearemanyexceptionstothesegeneralizationsabouttheprevalenceoftheseextremeways,butthefactthattheseareexceptionsprovesthegeneralrule.weneed-andmanypeopleareworkingondeveloping-different,unnwaysofaddressingsocialchallenges:waysbeyondthesedegenerativeformsofwarandpeace.
acharacterinrent,jonathanlarson''''lingartistsandmusiciansinnewyorkcity,says,"theoppositeofwarisn''''tpeace,it''''screation!"[1]toaddressourtoughestsocialchallenges,weneedawaythatisneitherwarnorpeace,butcollectivecreation.howcanweco-createnewsocialrealities?
twofundamentaldrives
toco-createnewsocialrealities,wehavetoworkwithtwodistinctfundamentalforcesthatareintension:powerandlove.thisassertionrequiresanexplanationbecausethewords"power"and"love"aredefinedbysomanydifferentpeopleinsomanydifferentways.estedbytheologianandphilosopherpaultillich.hisdefinitionsareontological:theydealwithwhatandwhypowerandloveare,ratherthanwhattheyenableorproduce.iusethesedefinitionsbecausetheyringtruewithmyexperienceofwhatinpracticeisrequiredtoaddresstoughchallengesatalllevels:individual,group,munity,society.
tillichdefinespoweras"thedriveofeverythinglivingtorealizeitself,withincreasingintensityandextensity."sopowerinthissenseisthedrivetoachieveone''''spurpose,togetone''''sjobdone,togrow.hedefinesloveas"thedrivetowardstheunityoftheseparated."[2]soloveinthissenseisthedrivetoreconnectandmakewholethatwhichhasbeeorappearsfragmented.thesetwowaysoflookingatpowerandlove,ratherthantherenideasofoppressivepowerandromanticlove(representedonthecoverbythegrenadeandtherose),areatthecoreofthisbook.
ourfullworld
wecannotaddressourtoughchallengesonlythroughdrivingtowardsself-realizationoronlythroughdrivingtowardsunity.weneedtodoboth.oftenweassumethatallittakestocreatesomethingnew-whetherinbusinessorpoliticsortechnologyorart-ispurposefulnessorpower.thisisbecauseweoftenassumethatthecontextinwhichwecreateisanemptyworld:anopenfrontier,awhitespace,ablankcanvas.ingeneralthisassumptionisincorrect.
let''''slookatahistoricalexample.in1788,britishsettlersarrivedinaustraliaandencounteredtheindigenouspeoplewhohadarrived40,000yearsearlier.thishistoryil露stratesnotonlythecourageandentrepreneurialisfpeoplewillingtotravelacrosstheglobetocreateanewsocialreality,butalsothehumanandecologicaldevastationthatthispioneeringmind-setcanproduce.forrethantwocenturies,theconflictbetweensettlersandaboriginalpeoplesinaustraliawasframedintermsofthedoctrineofterranullius,aromanlegaltermthatmeans"landbelongingtonoone,"or"emptyland."itwasnotuntil1992thatthehighcourtofaustraliaruledthatthecontinenthadinfactneverbeenterranullius,andthatthedern-daysettlershadtoworkoutanewwayoflivingtogetherwiththeaboriginalpeople.
noneofuslivesinterranullius.wecanpretendthatourworldisempty,butitisnot.ourearthisincreasinglyfullofpeopleandbuildingsandcarsandpilesofgarbage.ouratsphereisincreasinglyfullofcarbondioxide.oursocietyisincreasinglyfullofdiverse,strong,pevoicesandideasandcultures.thisfullnessisthefundamentalreasonwhy,inordertoaddressourtoughestsocialchallenges,weneedtoemploynotonlypowerbutalsolove.
achallengeistoughwhenitisplexinthreeways.[3]achallengeisdynamicallyplexwhencauseandeffectareinterdependentandfarapartinspaceandtime;essfullybeaddressedpiecebypiece,butonlybyseeingthesystemasawhole.achallengeissociallyplexwhentheactorsinvolvedhavedifferentperspectivesandinterests;essfullybeaddressedbyexpertsorauthorities,butonlywiththeengagementoftheactorsthemselves.andachallengeisgenerativelyplexwhenitsfutureisfundamentall玉nfamiliarandundetermined;essfullybeaddressedbyapplying"bestpractice"so露tionsfromthepast,butonlybygrowingnew,"nextpractice"so露tions.
thefullnessofourworldproducesthisthreefoldplexity.wecanpretendthatweareindependentandthatwhatwedodoesnotaffectothers(andwhatothersdodoesnotaffectus),butthisisnottrue.wecanpretendthateverybodyseesthingsthesameway,orthatourdifferencescanberesolvedpurelythroughmarketorpoliticalorlegalpetition,butthisisnottrue.andwecanpretendthatwecandothingsthewaywealwayshave,orthatwecanfirstfigureoutandthenexecutethecorrectanswer,butthisisnottrue.
whenwepretendthatourworldisemptyratherthanfull,andthatourchallengesaresimpleratherthanplex,wegetstuck.ifwewanttogetunstuck,weneedtoacknowledgeourinterdependence,cooperate,andfeelourwayforward.weneedthereforetoemploynotonlyourpowerbutalsoourlove.ifthissoundseasy,itisnot.itisdifficultanddangerous.
第4章
introduction:
beyond
war
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